Deep Thoughts on the Japanese textbook issue - the three rivers - as one

 Study: Step Heiichi years ago, the Japanese Ministry of Education adopted a new Japanese history textbook compilation Council (hereinafter referred to as the storm. to the last year in August, more than 130 million middle school students in Japan choose to use this links used in the school frustrated. Recently, the surface of the textbook controversy appears to have subsided, but the fundamental problem is not resolved, and the new history textbook compilation will be the backbone has also developed a review of a comeback. According to the textbook published in Japan measures with the Ministry of Labour information, using the results came out, the first change in the next 4 years using the system of textbooks, and second, efforts to promote Fusosha textbooks, the three set off a new understanding of Japanese culture is the value of sport. Tianzhong Ying Road, claimed that the new president should extend the scope of textbooks to primary school social Mandarin textbooks and school textbooks. (1) In such circumstances, we think a deeper level the issue of textbooks is necessary. a pair of the textbook issue, or one-sided understanding of the occurrence of misunderstanding about the controversy over Japanese history textbooks , is actually from the last century since the mid 90's, this is the direction of education since the war on Japan the third largest of the debate, reflecting the end of the Cold War, the growing trend of economic globalization in the context of Japanese society Thought to face the challenges arising from international upheaval. how in the new international environment for Japan's younger generation for social education, the history of education is the future direction of Japanese society relations a major issue. on the direction of education in Japanese society debate on the issue, from the beginning of the academic attention. However, for many media, particularly concerned about Japan's history textbook in April 2001 by the Japanese right-wing and conservative forces in the organization of the negate the fact of aggression. Some media also specifically cited the fact that the textbooks distort history where the number of Department. It should be said, . However, both from a macro point of view or from the deep thinking, the only concern , that is the essence of the Japanese history textbook .1 profound study not only pay attention to Fusosha version of history textbook publishers have to pay attention to other changes in the overall history textbooks in April 2001 published the results of the Japanese Ministry of Education textbooks The review, involving the actual high school history textbook publishers from eight. which has been published in seven publishers of history textbooks for many years, and only Fusosha is the first published history textbooks. Since last year, the media on the Japanese textbook issue Almost all reports focus on This role of the textbook, or limited, the adoption rate was 0.039% proved this assertion to some extent. The adoption rate of more than 99% of the remaining seven have any history textbook publishers kind of changes, it is the need to draw our attention. If you do not understand the other seven history textbooks published after this review, what changes would be difficult to understand the Japanese middle school history textbooks as a whole post-war system and the pre-war Japanese textbooks the review. although there is complete freedom from the preparation of the system, but for schools and students, after all, with room for selecting textbooks. textbook is a textbook system in such a place. postwar progressive forces and the right-wing and conservative forces in the struggle on the textbook issue, must be prepared to show in their textbooks, and textbooks should be used for rate. After the war, after a hard struggle, to the 20th century, 90's, Japan's history textbooks as a whole a improve recorded history textbooks fact that the Nanjing Massacre. Despite seven textbooks on account of the historical facts are different in degree, but to recognize the historical fact that, after all, is a step forward, this is after years of struggle and achievements. but this time with Fusosha's the. on the Some avoid using Japanese Culture and Education statements on the back for 20 years. and from that sense, the purpose of codification will have achieved at least half. (3). The following table (4) reflects the seven textbook adoption in 2002, the rate of adoption in 1997 . It can be seen, the historical facts of aggression relative to more fully disclosed, was , 12.9% from the original acute fell 5.9% today, more than halved. The fact that: the right-wing and conservative forces in the impact and influence, have been compared in the efforts to expose the history of aggression, in fact, that with . On the other hand, the fact that schools expose the full history of aggression textbook adoption rate also decreased significantly, indicating the potential problems of history education in Japan. These textbooks political inclination of the greater impact on the direction of Japanese education, and these textbooks Japan's adoption rate is a barometer of social and historical awareness. codification will analyze and summarize the results of the use of the time, Fujioka Nobukatsu particular importance to this situation, he believes the changes have been seven textbook indicates 4 years after the victory. (6) so we are very concerned about the other seven textbooks to change. to focus only on the New History Textbook 2 not only to analyze the Fusosha history textbook, but also to the citizens of Fusosha textbook is for the democratization of Japanese society after the war and peace tendencies. To promote the further rightist Japanese society, the right-wing and conservative forces in trying to change the pacifist constitution formulated after the war, especially the amendments to limit the development of military forces in Japan Article 9 . to amend the constitution is a very real social problems, by history textbooks play an indirect role only, but more direct means, it is through the preparation of civic textbooks. So, in Fusosha launched the conservative forces of particular concern. In fact, this textbook concerning Japan's the significance of nine such issues are very concerned about the current Japanese society is a hot issue, but also the history of aggression and then close the issue. For example, in 1992, the Japanese Diet passed the United Nations peacekeeping activities (PKO) third law, so Japan's Self-Defense Forces overseas was finally able to participate in United Nations peacekeeping activities. However, many people think that the Japanese Self-Defense Forces sent overseas, reminiscent of the Japanese army during the war activities in Asia, according to article 9 of the Constitution of Japan Such activities are strictly bound. Therefore, in Japanese society, a considerable number of people through the The current Japanese pacifist constitution of Japan after the war based on the basis of the international community, once denied, and after the Meiji Restoration and the certainly full of the spirit of militarism, This psychology, the majority of Japanese people Japanese people should maintain the existing constitution. The Government development assistance in countries (ODA), is provided by the international community in Japan and its corresponding contribution to the great power status, and this contribution should also be reflected in the military, which is the Self-Defense Forces sent overseas. In this way, would have is a very serious problem of the constitutional principles involved, it was diluted to the question of Japan's international contribution is in fact strengthen the sense of nationalism in Japan, the result is the course the students unknowingly accepted the intention to amend the constitution. ( 9) the right-wing and conservative forces in Japan, has been the post-war pacifist constitution of Japan as a major obstacle to achieving its objectives. In 1996 December, Emperor, Emperor of course, but does not directly command the army, actually by the Army Chief of Staff, the military orders or a Minister of the Navy's exercise of power. Emperor's commander in chief power, is still in form. Japan's constitution to give a high rating. Heisei International University by a professor is like saying that Robinson was Constitution of the release of the Japanese Empire, peace) discussions with the Constitution Article 9 students build this understanding: Japan as a sovereign state, must have the necessary self-defense and the ability of the international community to actively work together, not bound by the Constitution Article 9. The implication, of course, to say: the Constitution must be revised Article 9. (12) shows that Fusosha's problems start, but the real goal is for the future development of Japanese society. For this When the forces of storm, and some media called it a general right-wing forces, I think this is not enough right. because in Japan, forces, but not to set off on behalf of Japanese society, all the rightist textbook conservative forces storm. To find out the problem, we should be on the right-wing conservative forces of the specific situation. The first force is the Member of Parliament and other politicians in the Japanese camp The ultra-conservative politicians, they are in the post-war Japanese textbooks part from the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, and part from the New Party. Back in the mid 90 years, they specifically targeted at the requirements of progressive forces in Japanese society to reflect on the responsibility for the war, asked Congress to pass activities organized together, in the Liberal Democratic Party set up a Congress Alliance Summary of the Great East Asian War as a Seminar Social caused considerable fluctuations. and fierce criticism of him is when the December 11, 1996, Itagaki is still on the Budget Committee, said: the Minister shall be the authority which according to their content removed. Budget and education committee launched an attack on the 9th, pressed the government also asked the Government to abolish Miyazawa textbook controversy in 1982, on as a played a the independence of the advertised. They claim to know, they do not agree with from the United States, So said his own view of history is a ism a shift in political stance. He said: the disintegration of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe made him disillusioned with socialism, while the Gulf War occurred, which rendered him in - the country's problems can practice pacifism doubt. As the original ideal dashed one by one, so in that theory established on the basis of understanding for the history of warfare has changed. he thought: the establishment of democratic education after the war of aggression on the basis of the criticism is wrongly placed by the Japanese the status of the trial, resulting in lie. , ; liberal view of history, ;, considered a there are some representatives of the period. Contemporary typical right-wing scholars, such as Dokkyo University Professor Nakamura San, Professor of Electrical and Communications University, West End Dry II, Sophia University Professor Shoichi Watanabe, cartoonist Kobayashi Yoshinori, etc. Most of them are ; the backbone of the force. in the Village charm themselves Summary of the East Asian War, The direction of education in post-war wave of poor, abandoned the study of history, led to anti-Japanese national character and self-flagellation. West End Dry second is the leader Japanese archipelago circle of civilization. Japan, people know that they are the traditional right-wing forces, rather than the Literary Spring Wu is also offset by the Japanese government. For example, for the adoption of the Fusosha textbook on the issue of failure, these people think that because external relations, deliberately put pressure on local governments to give each other gifts. In UNESCO's issue, some with the the emperor as the center of the new state system. In addition there are amending the constitution for the goal. right-wing groups do not make any theoretical claims, but often take extreme of intense action and violence Yamaguchi Mission Systems Group, Rice and other members of the River will also often take part, in line with the right-wing ideology of traditional light re-action features. For example, in July 1996 after the right-wing groups began to send threatening letters textbook publisher, and then in the Oct. 29, sent 40 vehicles to protest publicity Street Declaration, the textbook accused of treason .12 months signed by a educational publishing, Tokyo Japan, books and books). In the letter, a recipient of residential photos, also praised the assassination of Asanuma rice with right-wingers Jiro Yamaguchi b vector of instruments. after all Fujioka Nobukatsu individuals mentioned in the article and publishers, will receive a letter of the right-wing threat. after 4 February 1997, right-wing groups three days a week to large Xingshe Press before the protest, on April 8, 150 Street right-wing propaganda vehicle focus to the publication of textbooks in the textbook issue, generally considered the need for specific analysis of these forces. two or three times against the historical background of the comparison of textbooks in recent years occurred in the history textbooks in Japan attacks are generally considered to follow five years of the mid-war, since the two attacks in the early eighties the first three times. Third attack on the textbook and the failure of Japan's reluctance to accept the reality of the war effort once again the dream of becoming a military power are closely linked, but also with the trends in Japan after World War Amendments to the Constitution linked. three attacks have characteristics of textbooks , while the third attack in the new international situation, reflecting the issue is more worthy of attention, which we should be careful analysis. The first attack took place in the textbooks of the mid-fifties, was between the United States and Japan the state of occupation and the occupied shortly after the end, Japan's economy gradually recovered, and because of the outbreak of the Korean War to obtain development opportunities more than the pre-war level, began to go overseas. Kishi, led by the Japanese government elites that finally out of the plight of occupied and trial, the mind began to heat. In particular, the intensification of the Cold War, the Cold War based on the theory to make peace treaty with Japan signed in San Francisco and San Francisco institution-building, not only Japan has been relatively politically independent, and United States policy toward Japan changed, to Japan as the Pacific unsinkable aircraft carrier. So the Japanese conservative forces have a tendency to arrogant militarism up, top politicians are a dream to start a military power. and the corresponding The attack is the recovery of pre-war books of the ; Fifth System textbook concerns, textbook attack, the Japanese Defense Agency and the financial sector from the pressure is quite obvious, the Japanese Defense Agency to urge the military cooperation with the United States to achieve in the new Japan-US Security Treaty in the context of the establishment, strengthening the Japanese people to education increasing influence of Japanese society, for the restoration of military power, the tendency to penetrate into the dream of the field of education in Japan, but also by the internal field of education about these forces, the occurrence of new changes. However, in Japan, had just defeated the trial that just ended One time, Japanese people tend to quite dislike of militarism and vigilance, the pacifist trend of militarism capacity constraints have a certain trend. resumption of military power, especially when the dream of post-war Japanese Constitution and the occurrence of conflict, Many people are still standing in the party constitution peace. Meanwhile, Japan's economy has not developed to the extent to revive militarism. So Kishi cabinet signed the amendment upholding the Japan-US security treaty was forced to step down. Overall to the first attack on the Japanese textbook arrogant conservatives to restore military power of the dream closer together. but you can see, just to restore the Japanese economy at that time, only be developed under the premise put forward on the explicit %, after the United States to become the world's second largest economy. Therefore, some Japanese politicians proposed to be the Japanese military in all aspects of political and economic status have the status of adapted, to great power among the ranks of the world fanatical ideological political power and military power once again gaining ground. At the time, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone in 1983 for the first time that Japan into political power from economic power requirements, in fact, many people in Japan reflects the In 1985, that ushered in the post-war Japan, the 40th anniversary, Nakasone proposed the is absurd arguments, from Japan, Japanese sense of their own (19) The second attack on the textbooks, the actual environment in such a place. first to the Liberal Democratic Party organizations to promote the school in the school's graduation ceremony on the raising of the flag and sing the national anthem of the activities for the precursor, then , June 1981, the Ministry of Education released a report on 82 years of high school social studies textbooks validated. is a qualified textbooks, have been proposed to be amended, where a large number of the most important thing is to ask the textbook presentation will be in a war of aggression Chief Cabinet Secretary Kiichi Miyazawa, in the form of talk that the Japanese government's position: ;. Since then, the Ministry of Education decided to add the reference in the validation: While a strong economic power, but compared with other major powers, beginning on foreign investment, export trade as the backbone of the economy must pay serious attention to Asian market response, that is, become the target of political military power has not yet been business and financial sector of the positive response and cooperation. with the previous two attacks on the background of textbooks compared to the third quite different. First of all, since the 90s, the trend of accelerated economic globalization, the Japanese capital in this a trend of rapid development to overseas, a significant share in Asia. In the case of the international situation is still volatile, the large amounts of capital overseas military power of reality so that the movement of entrepreneurs are no longer indifferent, even by hope. For proof that this situation is the latter half of the 90's have been passed by Congress in Japan and finally to the military power has taken an important step forward. Second, the mid-90s, the Japanese economic stagnation, low competitiveness of enterprises, social problem-plagued, all shattered, exposed the social structures and economic policies of many problems. period of rapid economic development based on the people of Japan suffered a heavy blow to pride, and the Japan's the above note: In the third of the teaching ...